In Situ Studies of Arylboronic Acids/Esters and R3SiCF3 Reagents: Kinetics, Speciation, and Dysfunction at the Carbanion-Ate Interface

Reagent instability reduces the efficiency of chemical processes, and while much effort is devoted to reaction optimization, less attention is paid to the mechanistic causes of reagent decomposition. Indeed, the response is often to simply use an excess of the reagent. Two reaction classes with ubiquitous examples of this are the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of boronic acids/esters and the transfer of CF3 or CF2 from the Ruppert-Prakash reagent, TMSCF3. This Account describes some of the overarching features of our mechanistic investigations into their decomposition. In the first section we summarize how specific examples of (hetero)arylboronic acids can decompose via aqueous protodeboronation processes: Ar-B(OH)(2) + H2O -> ArH + B(OH)(3). Key to the analysis was the development of a kinetic model in which pH controls boron speciation and heterocycle protonation states. This method revealed six different protodeboronation pathways, including self-catalysis when the pH is close to the pK(a) of the boronic acid, and protodeboronation via a transient aryl anionoid pathway for highly electron-deficient arenes. The degree of protection of boronic acids by diol-esterification is shown to be very dependent on the diol identity, with sixmembered ring esters resulting in faster protodeboronation than the parent boronic acid. In the second section of the Account we describe F-19 NMR spectroscopic analysis of the kinetics of the reaction of TMSCF3 with ketones, fluoroarenes, and alkenes. Processes initiated by substoichiometric TBAT ([Ph3SiF2][Bu4N]) involve anionic chain reactions in which low concentrations of [CF3](-) are rapidly and reversibly liberated from a siliconate reservoir, [TMS(CF3)(2)][Bu4N]. Increased TMSCF3 concentrations reduce the [CF3](-) concentration and thus inhibit the rates of CF3 transfer. Computation and kinetics reveal that the TMSCF3 intermolecularly abstracts fluoride from [CF3](-) to generate the CF2 in what would otherwise be an endergonic alpha-fluoride elimination. Starting from [CF3](-) and CF2, a cascade involving perfluoroalkene homologation results in the generation of a hindered perfluorocarbanion, [C11F23] , and inhibition. The generation of CF2 from TMSCF3 is much more efficiently mediated by NaI, and in contrast to TBAT, the process undergoes autoacceleration. The process involves Nal-mediated alpha-fluoride elimination from [CF3][Na] to generate CF2 and a [NaI center dot NaF] chain carrier. Chain-branching, by [(CF2)(3)I][Na] generated in situ (CF2 + TFE + NaI), causes autoacceleration. Alkenes that efficiently capture CF2 attenuate the chain-branching, suppress autoacceleration, and lead to less rapid difluorocyclopropanation. The Account also highlights how a collaborative approach to experiment and computation enables mechanistic insight for control of processes.

Automated summary

Reagent instability reduces the efficiency of chemical processes. This Account describes the mechanistic investigations into the decomposition of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of boronic acids/esters and the transfer of CF3 or CF2 from the Ruppert-Prakash reagent, TMSCF3. The research reveals different pathways and factors influencing the decomposition of the reagents.