MicroRNA-29a induces insulin resistance by targeting PPARδ in skeletal muscle cells

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) induces metabolic syndrome, which is often characterized by insulin resistance (IR), in adults. Previous research has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play a role in the target genes involved in this process, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined miRNA profiles using samples of skeletal muscles from both IUGR and control rat offspring whose mothers were fed either a protein-restricted diet or a diet which involved normal amounts of protein during pregnancy, respectively. miR-29a was found to be upregulated in the skeletal muscles of IUGR offspring. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct interaction between miR-29a and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR delta). Overexpression of miR-29a in the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 suppressed the expression of its target gene PPAR delta, which, in turn, influenced the expression of its coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha). Thus, PPAR delta/PGC-1 alpha-dependent signals together reduced insulin-dependent glucose uptake and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Overexpression of miR-29a also caused a decrease in levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), the most important glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, which partially induced a decrease insulin-dependent glucose uptake. These findings provide evidence for a novel micro-RNA-mediated mechanism of PPAR delta regulation, and we also noted the IR-promoting actions of miR-29a in skeletal muscles of IUGR.