4.0 Article

Is Mindfulness a Noticeable Quality? Development and Validation of the Observed Mindfulness Measure

Journal

Publisher

SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09936-6

Keywords

Mindfulness; Social behaviour; Measurement; Observer-reports

Funding

  1. Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship
  2. TasNetworks Mental Health and Wellbeing Elite PhD Scholarship

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This paper introduces a new observer-report research questionnaire to assess an individual's mindfulness noticeable to others. Through expert panel endorsement, 30 items were included in a nine-item, three-factor scale with good fit indices, demonstrating strong within-subject test-retest reliability and adequate agreement with self-reported mindfulness. Validity tests showed concordance within selected constructs, and the instrument may advance research into the impact of mindfulness training in social and organizational domains.
This paper presents the psychometric development of a new observer-report research questionnaire for assessing aspects of an individual's mindfulness that are noticeable to others. Items from five established self-report mindfulness scales were re-worded for observer-report, and 30 were endorsed for potential inclusion by an expert panel (n = 5). Factor analytic and item response theory models were used to test item and scale psychometrics with data (N = 494) in three independent samples. A nine-item, three-factor scale with good fit indices was determined (RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99). The instrument provides an overall score for observed mindful behaviours and subscale scores for observed attentiveness, awareness and acceptance. Within-subject test-retest reliability was strong (ICC 0.91) and agreement between observed mindful behaviours and self-reported mindfulness was adequate (ICC 0.45). Validity tests showed concordance between the new scale and self-reported mindfulness within the selected nomological network constructs (emotional intelligence, empathy and avoidant behaviours). Responsiveness was indicated but unconfirmed in data from a randomized controlled trial of low-dose mindfulness training. The Observed Mindfulness Measure (OMM) is a quantitative instrument that can provide an additional data source to strengthen self-reported findings in mindfulness research. With some further refinement this new instrument can advance research into whether and how mindfulness training might make a noticeable difference in social and organizational domains.

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