The European Semester as Goldilocks: Macroeconomic Policy Coordination and the Recovery and Resilience Facility

How and why did the European Semester end up as the main institutional vehicle of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)? To what extent did this new set-up change the power balance among key actors (for example, financial and economic actors versus social affairs actors)? Drawing on historical institutionalism and based on 28 semi-structured interviews and document analysis, our assessment suggests that while social actors were initially side-lined and national executives strengthened, over time the pendulum is swinging back. The usual actors are strategically using the institutional structures of the revised Semester as a vehicle to 'have a say' in the RRF. Having more carrots and sticks suggests further strengthening the pivotal role of the European Commission. Yet having the option of submitting national plans gives member states options too. The EU institutional response to the Covid-19 pandemic built on, and further cemented, the EU's socio-economic governance architecture.

Automated summary

The European Semester has become the main institutional vehicle for the Recovery and Resilience Facility, changing the power balance among key actors and giving social actors a stronger voice. The role of the European Commission is increasingly pivotal, while member states also have more options through submitting national plans. The EU's response to the Covid-19 pandemic further solidified its socio-economic governance architecture.