Journal
MINDFULNESS
Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages 786-798Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01836-4
Keywords
Trauma; PTSD; Mindfulness; Pain; Disability; Firefighters; First responders
Categories
Funding
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health [U54MD015946]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA F31AA029600, NIAAA F31AA029022, NIAAA F31AA028694]
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This study examined the moderating role of mindfulness on the associations between PTSD symptom severity and pain-related disability and intensity among trauma-exposed firefighters. Results showed that mindfulness significantly interacted with PTSD symptom severity to affect pain-related disability, particularly in individuals with low mindfulness. Different aspects of mindfulness also had significant effects on pain-related disability in firefighters.
Objectives Firefighters are regularly exposed to potentially traumatic and injurious events and are at increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, pain, and pain-related disability. Mindfulness (i.e., present-oriented awareness and nonjudgmental acceptance of cognitions and bodily sensations) may influence PTSD-pain relations in firefighter populations and inform mutual maintenance models. The current cross-sectional study sought to examine the moderating role of mindfulness on the associations between PTSD symptom severity and pain-related disability and intensity among trauma-exposed firefighters. Methods Firefighters (N = 266; M-age = 40.48, SD = 9.70; 92.5% male) were recruited from a large, southwestern metropolitan area and voluntarily completed an online, self-report survey advertised throughout the fire department. Results Accounting for covariates (i.e., age, years in the fire service, trauma load), a significant interactive effect of PTSD symptom severity and mindfulness on pain-related disability (Delta R-2 = 0.05, B = - 0.16, p < .001), but not pain intensity, emerged. Simple slope analyses revealed that PTSD symptom severity was associated with pain-related disability for those with low, but not high mindfulness. Post hoc analyses examining mindfulness facets revealed significant main effects of acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to inner experience on pain-related disability. Significant interactive effects of observing, describing, and nonreactivity to inner experience with PTSD symptom severity on pain-related disability emerged. Conclusions Mindfulness moderates PTSD symptom severity and pain-related disability associations in trauma-exposed firefighters. Future work should further examine these associations among first responders, using experimental and/or longitudinal methodologies.
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