Evaluations of three different types of smiles in relation to social anxiety and psychopathic traits

Research has identified three different types of smiles - the reward, affiliation and dominance smile - which serve expressions of happiness, connectedness, and superiority, respectively. Examining their explicit and implicit evaluations by considering a perceivers' level of social anxiety and psychopathy may enhance our understanding of these smiles' theorised meanings, and their role in problematic social behaviour. Female participants (N=122) filled in questionnaires on social anxiety, psychopathic tendencies (i.e. the affective-interpersonal deficit and antisocial lifestyle) and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. In order to measure explicit and implicit evaluations of the three smiles, angry and neutral facial expressions, an Explicit Valence Rating Task and an Approach-Avoidance Task were administered. Results indicated that all smiles were explicitly evaluated as positive. No differences in implicit evaluations between the smile types were found. Social anxiety was not associated with either explicit or implicit smile evaluations. In contrast, CU-traits were negatively associated with explicit evaluations of reward and dominance smiles. These findings support the assumptions of non-biased explicit information processing in social anxiety, and flattened emotional sensitivity in CU-traits. The importance of a multimethod approach to enhance the understanding of the effects of smile types on perceivers is discussed.

Automated summary

Research has identified three different types of smiles - the reward, affiliation and dominance smile - which serve expressions of happiness, connectedness, and superiority, respectively. Examining their explicit and implicit evaluations by considering a perceivers' level of social anxiety and psychopathy may enhance our understanding of these smiles' theorised meanings, and their role in problematic social behaviour. Results indicated that all smiles were explicitly evaluated as positive, with no differences in implicit evaluations between the smile types. Social anxiety was not associated with either explicit or implicit smile evaluations, while callous-unemotional (CU) traits were negatively associated with explicit evaluations of reward and dominance smiles. These findings support the assumptions of non-biased explicit information processing in social anxiety, and flattened emotional sensitivity in CU-traits.