Bidirectional protein-protein interactions control liquid-liquid phase separation of PSD-95 and its interaction partners

The organization of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a protein-dense semi-membraneless organelle, is mediated by numerous specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) which constitute a functional postsynapse. The PSD protein 95 (PSD-95) interacts with a manifold of proteins, including the C-terminal of transmembrane AMPA receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARPs). Here, we uncover the minimal essential peptide responsible for the Stargazin (TARP -y2)-mediated liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) formation of PSD-95 and other key protein constituents of the PSD. Furthermore, we find that pharmacological inhibitors of PSD-95 can facilitate the formation of LLPS. We found that in some cases LLPS formation is dependent on multivalent interactions, while in other cases short, highly charged peptides are sufficient to promote LLPS in complex systems. This study offers a new perspective on PSD-95 interactions and their role in LLPS formation, while also considering the role of affinity over multivalency in LLPS systems.

Automated summary

The organization of the postsynaptic density (PSD) is mediated by specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission. PSD-95 interacts with various proteins, including TARPs, and this study reveals the essential peptide responsible for the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) formation of PSD-95 and other key protein constituents of the PSD. The study also highlights the role of affinity and multivalency in LLPS systems.