Chaetomugilins and Chaetoviridins-Promising Natural Metabolites: Structures, Separation, Characterization, Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics

Fungi are recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that generate propitious biometabolites. Historically, fungal metabolites have largely been investigated as leads for various therapeutic agents. Chaetomugilins and the closely related chaetoviridins are fungal metabolites, and each has an oxygenated bicyclic pyranoquinone core. They are mainly produced by various Chaetomaceae species. These metabolites display unique chemical features and diversified bioactivities. The current review gives an overview of research about fungal chaetomugilins and chaetoviridins regarding their structures, separation, characterization, biosynthesis, and bioactivities. Additionally, their antiviral potential towards the SARS-CoV-2 protease was evaluated using docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We report on the docking and predictive binding energy estimations using reported crystal structures of the main protease (PDB ID: 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f) at variable resolutions-i.e., 2.20, 1.55, and 1.65 angstrom, respectively. Chaetovirdin D (43) exhibited highly negative docking scores of -7.944, -8.141, and -6.615 kcal/mol, when complexed with 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f, respectively. The reference inhibitors exhibited the following scores: -5.377, -6.995, and -8.159 kcal/mol, when complexed with 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f, respectively. By using molecular dynamics simulations, chaetovirdin D's stability in complexes with the viral protease was analyzed, and it was found to be stable over the course of 100 ns.

Automated summary

This review provides an overview of the research on fungal chaetomugilins and chaetoviridins, including their structures, separation, characterization, biosynthesis, and bioactivities. Additionally, their potential as antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 protease is evaluated using docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations.