Journal
DIAGNOSTICS
Volume 11, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101760
Keywords
lateral flow immunoassay; lateral flow test; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antigen; antibodies
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan [MOST 110-2313-B-A49-001-MY3, MOST 107-2313-B-009-002-MY3]
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program
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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant challenge to the global healthcare system. Early detection and treatment of infected cases are crucial, with rapid and cost-effective immunoassays like LFIA being utilized for quick and large-scale testing.
The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020-2021. COVID-19 is becoming one of the most fatal pandemics in history and brings a huge challenge to the global healthcare system. Opportune detection, confinement, and early treatment of infected cases present the first step in combating COVID-19. Diagnosis via viral nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) is frequently employed and considered the standard procedure. However, with an increasing urge for point-of-care tests, rapid and cheaper immunoassays are widely utilized, such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which can be used for rapid, early, and large-scale detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this narrative review, the principle and technique of LFIA applied in COVID-19 antigen and antibody detection are introduced. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the commercial LFIA tests are outlined and compared. Generally, LFIA antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are less sensitive than viral NAATs, the gold standard for clinical COVID-19 diagnosis. However, antigen tests can be used for rapid and mass testing in high-risk congregate housing to quickly identify people with COVID-19, implementing infection prevention and control measures, thus preventing transmission. LFIA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, IgM and/or IgG, known as serology tests, are used for identification if a person has previously been exposed to the virus or vaccine immunization. Notably, advanced techniques, such as LFT-based CRISPR-Cas9 and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have added new dimensions to the COVID-19 diagnosis and are also discussed in this review.
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