Journal
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
Volume 9, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/feart.2021.721009
Keywords
groundwater-surface water interaction; cold region hydrology; integrated hydrologic modelling; snow cover; frozen soil; flow and heat transfer
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [42077172, 41730854]
- Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) [2019QZKK0306]
- Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA20100104]
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Groundwater-surface water interaction in cold regions is highly sensitive to seasonal and climate changes, with integrated hydrologic models being essential for simulating complex processes and studying system behaviors under snow cover variations, freeze-thaw cycles in frozen soils and GW-SW interactions. Benchmarking and integration with scarce field observations are critical in developing physically representative cold region integrated hydrologic models.
Groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction, as a key component in the cold region hydrologic cycle, is extremely sensitive to seasonal and climate change. Specifically, the dynamic change of snow cover and frozen soil bring additional challenges in observing and simulating hydrologic processes under GW-SW interactions in cold regions. Integrated hydrologic models are promising tools to simulate such complex processes and study the system behaviours as well as its responses to perturbations. The cold region integrated hydrologic models should be physically representative and fully considering the thermal-hydrologic processes under snow cover variations, freeze-thaw cycles in frozen soils and GW-SW interactions. Benchmarking and integration with scarce field observations are also critical in developing cold region integrated hydrologic models. This review summarizes the current status of hydrologic models suitable for cold environment, including distributed hydrologic models, cryo-hydrogeologic models, and fully-coupled cold region GW-SW models, with a specific focus on their concepts, numerical methods, benchmarking, and applications across scales. The current research can provide implications for cold region hydrologic model development and advance our understanding of altered environments in cold regions disturbed by climate change, such as permafrost degradation, early snow melt and water shortage.
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