Journal
MICROORGANISMS
Volume 9, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112186
Keywords
endophyte; Epichloe; forage; mechanisms; stress
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Funding
- cultivar development and research fund, Innovation Gateway, the University of Georgia
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Cool-season grasses form mutualistic relationships with endophytic fungi of the Epichloe genus, providing protection for the grass in exchange for housing and nutrients to the fungus. This symbiotic relationship helps the grass withstand various stressors and affects the rhizosphere environment of the plant.
Cool-season grasses are the most common forage types in livestock operations and amenities. Several of the cool-season grasses establish mutualistic associations with an endophytic fungus of the Epichloe genus. The grasses and endophytic fungi have evolved over a long period of time to form host-fungus specific relationships that confer protection for the grass against various stressors in exchange for housing and nutrients to the fungus. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which Epichloe endophytes and grasses interact, including molecular pathways for secondary metabolite production. It also outlines specific mechanisms by which the endophyte helps protect the plant from various abiotic and biotic stressors. Finally, the review provides information on how Epichloe infection of grass and stressors affect the rhizosphere environment of the plant.
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