Journal
ANTIOXIDANTS
Volume 10, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121907
Keywords
cardoon; phenolic composition; antioxidant activity; seasonal changes; anti-inflammatory activity; oxidative hemolysis; antimicrobial properties
Funding
- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT
- Portugal)
- national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO [UIDB/00690/2020, SFRH/BD/146614/2019, CEECIND/01001/2018, 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P]
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Regional Operational Program North [Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042]
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia [451-03-68/2020-14/200007]
- Junta de Castilla y Leon (Spain) [SA093P20]
- Strategic Research Program for Units of Excellence [CLU-2018-04]
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Hydroethanolic extracts of cardoon petioles collected at different growth stages exhibited varied phenolic composition and bioactive potential. Samples at early maturation stages showed higher polyphenol content and better antioxidant activity, while samples at intermediate maturation stages demonstrated higher cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory potential.
Hydroethanolic extracts of cardoon petioles collected at sixteen growth stages (P1-P16) were characterized in terms of their phenolic composition and bioactive potential (antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities). Fifteen phenolic compounds were tentatively identified (i.e., ten phenolic acids and five flavonoid glycosides); the main compounds were 5-O-caffeoylquinic and 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acids. Samples collected at early maturity (P1-P4) presented a weak positive correlation between the higher content in polyphenols (P3: 101-mg/g extract) and better inhibition capacity against thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation (TBARS; P3: IC50 = 5.0 mu g/mL). Samples at intermediate maturation stages (P9) presented higher cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory potential. Moreover, immature petioles showed greater antihemolytic (OxHLIA; P4: IC50 = 65 and 180 mu g/mL for Delta t of 60 and 120 min, respectively) and antibacterial activity. The antifungal activity varied depending on the maturation stage and the fungi strain. In conclusion, the maturation stage may greatly affect the polyphenols composition and content and the bioactive potential of cardoon petioles.
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