Utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging for detecting changes in the femoral head in divers with hip pain at risk for dysbaric osteonecrosis

Background: Ischemia before the development of dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) in femoral heads has never been investigated. We assessed whether quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) could detect dysbaric changes in divers with hip pain. Methods: This IRB-approved exploratory study recruited 17 divers [9 with hip pain (Group 1); 8 asymptomatic (Group 2)] with normal findings on radiographs and conventional magnetic resonance imaging scans were age-, gender- and body-mass-index matched to 17 non-divers as controls (Group IC, 2C). Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and MRS spectra were obtained from regions/voxels of interest on the femoral heads of all subjects. LCModel was used to determine water content, lipid composition, and the unsaturation index in bone marrow. Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was used to compare results of quantitative MRS and ADCs of ipsilateral femoral heads between divers and controls. Results: MRS of the ipsilateral femoral heads revealed higher water (peak: 4.7 ppm) content, lower total lipid fraction (TLF), and higher unsaturation index (UI) of lipids in Group 1 than in Group 2 (water: P=0.040; UI: P=0.022) and Group IC (water: P=0.027; TLF: P=0.039; UI: P=0.009). In contrast, femoral head ADCs were comparable between divers and controls. Five out of nine symptomatic divers were contacted for follow-up MRS and DWI studies, and the mean difference in water content in the femoral heads of patients with osteonecrosis was also higher than that in patients with symptom relief (osteonecrosis: 0.077 +/- 0.130 vs. symptom relief: 0.003 +/- 0.010). Conclusions: Dysbaric change in the femoral heads of divers with hip pain can be detected using quantitative MRS, which reveals increases in water content and UI of lipids, and a decrease in TLF.

Automated summary

Using MRS technology, we found that divers with hip pain had increased water content, increased unsaturation index of lipids, and decreased total lipid fraction in the femoral heads. These findings suggest that dysbaric changes in the femoral heads can be detected using MRS.