Targeting Histone Deacetylases: Opportunities for Cancer Treatment and Chemoprevention

The dysregulation of gene expression is a critical event involved in all steps of tumorigenesis. Aberrant histone and non-histone acetylation modifications of gene expression due to the abnormal activation of histone deacetylases (HDAC) have been reported in hematologic and solid types of cancer. In this sense, the cancer-associated epigenetic alterations are promising targets for anticancer therapy and chemoprevention. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) induce histone hyperacetylation within target proteins, altering cell cycle and proliferation, cell differentiation, and the regulation of cell death programs. Over the last three decades, an increasing number of synthetic and naturally derived compounds, such as dietary-derived products, have been demonstrated to act as HDACi and have provided biological and molecular insights with regard to the role of HDAC in cancer. The first part of this review is focused on the biological roles of the Zinc-dependent HDAC family in malignant diseases. Accordingly, the small-molecules and natural products such as HDACi are described in terms of cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Furthermore, structural considerations are included to improve the HDACi selectivity and combinatory potential with other specific targeting agents in bifunctional inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimeras. Additionally, clinical trials that combine HDACi with current therapies are discussed, which may open new avenues in terms of the feasibility of HDACi's future clinical applications in precision cancer therapies.

Automated summary

The dysregulation of gene expression plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, and abnormal activation of histone deacetylases (HDAC) has been reported to cause aberrant histone and non-histone acetylation modifications in hematologic and solid types of cancer. Cancer-associated epigenetic alterations, such as HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), have shown promising potential for anticancer therapy and chemoprevention. This review focuses on the biological roles of the Zinc-dependent HDAC family in malignant diseases, and discusses the use of small molecules and natural products as HDACi for cancer therapy. Structural considerations and clinical trials combining HDACi with current therapies are also discussed, highlighting the potential for future clinical applications of HDACi in precision cancer therapies.