GPI Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates With Immune Infiltrates in Lung Adenocarcinoma

BackgroundGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) plays an important role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. However, the role of GPI in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. MethodsAll original data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and integrated via R 3.2.2. GPI expression was explored with TCGA, GEO, and Oncomine databases. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to analyze GPI expression in clinical specimens. The correlations between GPI and cancer immune characteristics were analyzed via the TIMER and TISIDB databases. GPI-specific siRNAs were used to verify the role of GPI expression on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution. ResultsIn general, GPI is predominantly overexpressed and has reference value in the diagnosis and prognostic estimation of LUAD. Upregulated GPI was associated with poorer overall survival, clinical stage, N stage, and primary therapy outcome in LUAD. Mechanistically, we identified a hub gene that included a total of 56 GPI-related genes, which were tightly associated with the cell cycle pathway in LUAD patients. Knockdown of GPI induced cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest. GPI expression was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs); in contrast, GPI expression was negatively correlated with infiltrating levels of CD8(+) T cells, central memory T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils. GPI was negatively correlated with the expression of immunostimulators, such as CD40L, IL6R, and TMEM173, in LUAD. ConclusionGPI may play an important role in the cell cycle and can be used as a prognostic biomarker for determining the prognosis and immune infiltration in LUAD.

Automated summary

The study indicates that GPI is overexpressed in LUAD and can serve as a reference for diagnosis and prognostic estimation. Knockdown of GPI affects cell proliferation and the cell cycle, and is correlated with immune cell infiltration levels.