Anticancer Activity of ω-6 Fatty Acids through Increased 4-HNE in Breast Cancer Cells

Simple Summary: Epidemiological evidence suggests that breast cancer risk is lowered by Omega-3 and increased by Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Paradoxically, the Omega-6 PUFA metabolite 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) inhibits cancer cell growth. This duality prompted us to study whether arachidonic acid (AA) would enhance doxorubicin (dox) cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells. We found that supplementing AA or inhibiting 4-HNE metabolism potentiated doxorubicin (dox) toxicity toward Her2-dependent breast cancer but spared myocardial cells. Our results suggest that Omega-6 PUFAs could improve outcomes of dox chemotherapy in Her2-overexpressing breast cancer. Her2-amplified breast cancers resistant to available Her2-targeted therapeutics continue to be a challenge in breast cancer therapy. Dox is the mainstay of chemotherapy of all types of breast cancer, but its usefulness is limited by cumulative cardiotoxicity. Because oxidative stress caused by dox generates the pro-apoptotic Omega-6 PUFA metabolite 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), we surmised that Omega-6 PUFAs would increase the effectiveness of dox chemotherapy. Since the mercapturic acid pathway enzyme RALBP1 (also known as RLIP76 or Rlip) that limits cellular accumulation of 4-HNE also mediates dox resistance, the combination of Omega-6 PUFAs and Rlip depletion could synergistically improve the efficacy of dox. Thus, we studied the effects of the Omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) and Rlip knockdown on the antineoplastic activity of dox towards Her2-amplified breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3, which is sensitive to Her2 inhibitors, and AU565, which is resistant. AA increased lipid peroxidation, 4-HNE generation, apoptosis, cellular dox concentration and dox cytotoxicity in both cell lines while sparing cultured immortalized cardiomyocyte cells. The known functions of Rlip including clathrin-dependent endocytosis and dox efflux were inhibited by AA. Our results support a model in which 4-HNE generated by AA overwhelms the capacity of Rlip to defend against apoptosis caused by dox or 4-HNE. We propose that Omega-6 PUFA supplementation could improve the efficacy of dox or Rlip inhibitors for treating Her2-amplified breast cancer.

Automated summary

Clinical evidence shows that Omega-3 lowers breast cancer risk while Omega-6 PUFAs increase it. Interestingly, the Omega-6 PUFA metabolite 4-HNE can inhibit cancer cell growth. This study suggests that Omega-6 PUFAs may enhance the effectiveness of doxorubicin chemotherapy in Her2-overexpressing breast cancer, potentially providing a new strategy for treating resistant cancers.