A review on voids of 3D printed parts by fused filament fabrication

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling (FDMTM), is considered one of the most promising additive manufacturing (AM) methods for its versatility, reliability and affordability. First adopted by industries for professional uses such as rapid prototyping, then by the general public in recent years, FFF has gathered itself considerable attention. Nevertheless, despite key advancements in printer technologies and filament materials, the fabrication of robust, performing and functional parts for high-demanding practical applications remains a significant challenge. Due to intrinsic de-ficiencies, such as the presence of voids and weak layer-to-layer adhesion, FFF-printed parts are plagued by weak and anisotropic mechanical properties in contrast to their conventionally manufactured counterparts. With the increasing demand for designable porous structures in the fields of biomedicine, 4D printing and lightweight cellular com-posites, understanding the challenges presented by void presence has become more relevant than ever. As existing literature has reviewed the significance of interlayer bonding, this review focuses on documenting recent insights on the formation of voids by its categorization, research method and mechanism. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the two current primary methods of void researchdquantitative analysis and imaging. Detailed discussions on the effects of feed-stock and printing parameters on void formation are also presented. Lastly, this review discusses gaps in the current research and outlines unaddressed challenges regarding void formation and its relation with the mechanical performance of FFF parts. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling (FDMTM), has gained considerable attention for its versatility, reliability, and affordability, but faces challenges in fabricating durable, performing, and functional parts. The presence of voids leads to weak mechanical properties in FFF-printed parts, highlighting the importance of understanding the challenges presented by void formation.