In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

Background: Since no effective vaccine has been developed for toxoplasmosis, prophylaxis in seronegative pregnant women and immunocompromised patients with a CD4 <100 cells/mu L is highly recommended as an ideal strategy to prevent this disease. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, in vitro, and in vivo effects of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO) against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. Methods: The in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of different concentrations of ASEO (32.5, 75, 150 mu g/mL) were measured by MTT assay for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. Male Balb/c mice were orally administrated ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mu g/kg/day for 14 days. One day after the completion of oral drug administration, the mice in all groups were infected intraperitoneally with 1x10(4) tachyzoites. They were checked daily and the rate of survival was recorded. The peritoneal fluids of the mice were collected and the mean number of tachyzoites was calculated via a light microscope. The level of liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), toxicity effects on the liver and kidney, and the mRNA expression levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-113 and IFN-gamma were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Different concentrations of ASEO showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-Toxoplasma activity against T. gondii tachyzoites, and the highest efficacy was observed at the concentration of 150 mu g/mL. Fourteen days of pre-treatment of infected mice with ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mu g/kg/day significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number of tachyzoites and mortality rate by the 6th, 7th, and 8th days after infection, respectively. ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mu g/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) improved the increase in the LPO and NO. Pretreatment of mice with different doses of ASEO provoked a considerable (P < 0.001) down regulation of IL-113 and IFN-gamma mRNA gene expression levels, but it had no significant toxicity on the serum levels of some liver and kidney enzymes. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the considerable prophylactic effects of ASEO that increased the survival rate of mice and reduced the parasite load in them. Our findings also showed that ASEO promotes the innate immune system, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of hepatic injury, etc. in the mice with acute toxoplasmosis. However, additional investigations are mandatory to clarify the accurate prophylactic and therapeutic anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of ASEO as well as all its toxicity aspects, especially in clinical settings.

Automated summary

The study demonstrated the significant prophylactic effects of ASEO in increasing survival rate and reducing parasite load in mice with acute toxoplasmosis. ASEO also promoted the innate immune system, regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of hepatic injury in the infected mice. Further research is needed to fully understand the prophylactic and therapeutic mechanisms of ASEO against Toxoplasma.