Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817905
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2; B cell immunity; T cell immunity; antibody effector function; long term immune response
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Funding
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)-Wellcome Trust [208710/Z/17/Z]
- German Centre for International Migration and Development (CIM)
- URGENCE COVID-19 fundraising campaign of Institut Pasteur
- Wellcome Trust [208710/Z/17/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
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This study followed Cambodian individuals for up to nine months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and found that humoral and cellular immune memory was maintained, and immune protection was sustained in the absence of reinfection.
The duration of humoral and cellular immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations in least developed countries remains understudied but is key to overcome the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Sixty-four Cambodian individuals with laboratory-confirmed infection with asymptomatic or mild/moderate clinical presentation were evaluated for Spike (S)-binding and neutralizing antibodies and antibody effector functions during acute phase of infection and at 6-9 months follow-up. Antigen-specific B cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were characterized, and T cells were interrogated for functionality at late convalescence. Anti-S antibody titers decreased over time, but effector functions mediated by S-specific antibodies remained stable. S- and nucleocapsid (N)-specific B cells could be detected in late convalescence in the activated memory B cell compartment and are mostly IgG(+). CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell immune memory was maintained to S and membrane (M) protein. Asymptomatic infection resulted in decreased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells at late convalescence. Whereas anti-S antibodies correlated with S-specific B cells, there was no correlation between T cell response and humoral immune memory. Hence, all aspects of a protective immune response are maintained up to nine months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the absence of re-infection.
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