Journal
SUSTAINABILITY
Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/su14031665
Keywords
electric vehicles; batteries; lithium; Li-ion batteries; resource availability; reserves; lithium intensity; energy; plug-in electric vehicles
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This research paper discusses the issues related to lithium availability and sustainability, particularly focusing on the impact of supply and demand on PEV development and the challenges for future PEV technology.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, and for smart grid applications. Although a great deal of research is focused on technological limitations that affect PEV battery performance targets, a major and arguably equal concern is the constraint imposed by the finite availability of elements or resources used in the manufacture of PEV batteries. Availability of resources, such as lithium, for batteries is critical to the future of PEVs and is, therefore, a topic that needs attention. This study addresses the issues related to lithium availability and sustainability, particularly supply and demand related to PEVs and the impact on future PEV growth. In this paper, a detailed review of the research on lithium availability for PEV batteries is presented, key challenges are pinpointed and future impacts on PEV technology are outlined.
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