Molecular Characterization and Population Genetic Structure of Fagopyrum Species Cultivated in Himalayan Regions

Fagopyrum spp. (buckwheat) is a dicotyledonous pseudocereal crop mainly cultivated in the north-western Himalayan regions for its highly nutritional, antioxidant and therapeutic values. In the present investigation, molecular characterization was performed by using ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) markers on 42 accessions of four buckwheat species (Fagopyrum esculentum, F. sagittatum, F. tataricum and F. kashmirianum). The 12 pre-screened ISSR primers amplified 102 bands, and amongst them 85 bands exhibited polymorphism with an average polymorphism of 82.73%. The results revealed that Shannon's information indices (I) and Nei's genetic diversity (H) were low for F. tataricum (I = 0.1028 & PLUSMN; 0.2307; H = 0.0707 & PLUSMN; 0.1617) and high for F. esculentum (I = 0.1715 & PLUSMN; 0.2622; H = 0.1164 & PLUSMN; 0.1796). It was estimated that within the accessions of Fagopyrum species, the species diversity (H-T) and mean diversity (H-S) were 0.3200 and 0.1041, respectively. Molecular variance partitioning by AMOVA also indicated a significant genetic differentiation accounting for 73% among and 27% within the accessions of Fagopyrum species. Overall, accessions of F. esculentum had the greatest distance from the other accessions of buckwheat species, which includes F. sagittatum, F. tataricum and F. kashmirianum as revealed by F-ST distance and Nei's unbiased genetic distance. The dendograms based on UPGMA and PCoA segregated 42 accessions of four buckwheat species into three major groups. This study clearly reveals a considerable amount of genetic diversity at the intra-specific level in F. esculentum, F. sagittatum and F. kashmirianum accessions. The factors responsible for it are diverse geographical conditions, pollinating behavior and cultivation practices adapted in these regions. The study also indicated a close phylogenetic relationship between F. tataricum and F. kashmirianum.

Automated summary

In this study, molecular characterization of four buckwheat species was conducted using ISSR markers, revealing a significant genetic diversity within F. esculentum, F. sagittatum, and F. kashmirianum accessions at the intra-specific level, while F. tataricum showed lower genetic diversity. Analysis based on genetic distance and diversity indices indicated a clear phylogenetic relationship between the different accessions, with significant genetic differentiation observed among the different species.