Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in All 50 States in the US, 2001-2017

IMPORTANCE Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence is rising among men in the US. Comprehensive assessments of nationwide trends in OPC incidence and mortality by demographics, tumor characteristics at diagnosis, and geography are lacking. OBJECTIVE We examined secular trends in OPC incidence and mortality rates in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia (DC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, we used the US Cancer Statistics data set to examine OPC incidence trends from 2001 through 2017. Observed and incidence-based mortality trends were evaluated using data from the National Center for Health Statistics and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program, respectively. Data analysis was conducted from January to April 2021. RESULTS Nationwide, 260182 OPC cases were identified; 209 297 (80%) occurred in men, 168 674 (65%) with regional stage, and 142 068 (55%) in the Southeast and Midwest regions, during 2001to 2017. Incidence of OPC increased nationally 2.7% per year among men, with a notable (over 3% per year) rise among non-Hispanic White men and in men aged 65 years and older. Overall, among women, the annual percentage change was 0.5% (95% CI, -0.28% to 1.22%). Among men, with a 3.1% per year rise (95% CI, 2.4% to 3.8%), regional-stage OPC incidence increased nearly 2-fold. Among women, regional-stage OPC incidence increased 1.0% per year (95% CI, 0.3% to 1.7%). Among men, OPC incidence increased in all states and regions except Alaska, DC, and Wyoming. Among men, the most pronounced increases (more than 3.5% per year) were clustered in the Southeast and Midwest regions. Among women, a rise of more than 2% per year was also concentrated in the Southeast and Midwest regions. Among men, OPC incidence-based mortality increased 2.1% per year (95% CI, 1.0% to 32%) overall in recent years (from 2006 to 2017). In contrast, among women, the annual percentage change in OPC incidence-based mortality was -12% (95% CI, -2.5% to 0.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that the incidence of OPC has continued to increase nationally among men in the US, with rapid increases among the elderly population. The notable rise in regional-stage OPC and the concurrent recent rise in mortality among men is troubling and calls for urgent improvements in prevention. Distinct geographic patterns with notable rises in the Midwest and Southeast regions imply the need for improved and targeted prevention as well as future studies to understand etiological reasons for geographic disparities.

Automated summary

The study reveals a continuous increase in oropharyngeal cancer incidence among men in the US, particularly among the elderly population. Regional-wise, significant rises in oropharyngeal cancer incidence are seen in the Midwest and Southeast regions, indicating the need for improved prevention efforts.