Journal
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages 114-127Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12898
Keywords
Anabolic resistance; Muscle protein synthesis; Ageing; Insulin; Vasodilation; Blood flow
Funding
- National Strength and Conditioning Association Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Research Loan Repayment Award
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
- Arkansas Geriatric Education Collaborative Geriatric Junior Faculty Development Award
- Meat & Poultry Research Education
- American Heart Association (AHA) research grant [18AIREA33960528]
- NIH Clinical Research Loan Repayment Award
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Sarcopenia is a common condition in older adults, with vascular dysfunction likely contributing to anabolic resistance. Blood flow postprandially influences muscle protein synthetic response in the elderly.
Sarcopenia, or the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is an increasingly prevalent condition that contributes to reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in older adults. Older adults display blunted anabolic responses to otherwise anabolic stimuli-a phenomenon that has been termed anabolic resistance (AR)-which is likely a casual factor in sarcopenia development. AR is multifaceted, but historically much of the mechanistic focus has been on signalling impairments, and less focus has been placed on the role of the vasculature in postprandial protein kinetics. The vascular endothelium plays an indispensable role in regulating vascular tone and blood flow, and age-related impairments in vascular health may impede nutrient-stimulated vasodilation and subsequently the ability to deliver nutrients (e.g. amino acids) to skeletal muscle. Although the majority of data has been obtained studying younger adults, the relatively limited data on the effect of blood flow on protein kinetics in older adults suggest that vasodilatory function, especially of the microvasculature, strongly influences the muscle protein synthetic response to amino acid feedings. In this narrative review, we examine evidence of AR in older adults following amino acid and mixed meal consumption, examine the evidence linking vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance to age-related AR, review the influence of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 on age-related vascular dysfunction as it relates to AR, briefly review the potential causal role of arterial stiffness in promoting skeletal muscle microvascular dysfunction and AR, and provide a brief overview and future considerations for research examining age-related AR.
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