Journal
IEEE DESIGN & TEST
Volume 38, Issue 5, Pages 90-133Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/MDAT.2021.3069087
Keywords
Batteries; Power system measurements; Discharges (electric); Density measurement; Silicon; Supercapacitors; Internet of Things; Battery-less systems; battery-indifferent systems; energy harvesting; ultra-low power integrated systems; IoT; edge computing; power management
Funding
- Singapore Ministry of Education [MOE2019-T2-2-189]
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This survey reviews the state of IoT devices at the low-energy end of the scale, focusing on battery-light and battery-less sensor nodes. It covers battery technology, energy harvesting, energy management, system activation, and response schemes, proposing battery indifferent architectures and concluding with informative case studies.
Editor's notes: This survey reviews the state of the art of IoT devices at the low-energy end of the scale: battery-light and battery-less sensor nodes. They are tiny by necessity but expected to be deployed by the billions in the coming years. The article covers battery technology, energy harvesting, energy management, and system activation and response schemes. Furthermore, it proposes battery indifferent architectures and concludes with informative case studies. -Axel Jantsch, TU Wien
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