Boreal tree species change as a climate mitigation strategy: impact on ecosystem C and N stocks and soil nutrient levels

To increase the annual uptake of CO2 as well as the long-term storage of carbon (C) in forests, the Norwegian government consider large-scale replacements of native, deciduous forests with faster-growing species like Norway spruce. To assess the effects of tree species change on ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) stocks and soil chemistry, we used a paired plot approach including stands of native downy birch and planted 45- to 60-yr-old Norway spruce. The birch stands were used as reference for the assessment of differences following the tree species change. We found significantly higher C and N stocks in living tree biomass in the spruce stands, whereas no significant differences were found for dead wood. The cover of understory species groups, and the C and N stocks of the aboveground understory vegetation were significantly higher in the birch stands. The tree species change did not affect the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock down to 1 m soil depth; however, the significantly higher stock in the forest floor of the spruce stands suggested a re-distribution of SOC within the profile. There was a significant positive correlation between the SOC stock down to 30 cm soil depth and the total ecosystem C stock for the birch stands, and a negative correlation for the spruce stands. Significant effects of tree species change were found for C and N concentrations, C/N, exchangeable acidity, base saturation, and exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, and Fe in the organic horizon or the upper mineral soil layer. The total ecosystem C stock ranged between 197 and 277 Mg/ha for the birch stands, and 297 and 387 Mg/ha for the spruce stands. The ecosystem C accumulation varied between 32 and 142 Mg/ha over the past 45-60 yr, whereas the net ecosystem C capture was considerably lower and potentially negative. Our results suggest that the potential to meet the governments' targets to increase C sequestration depend on the C debt incurred from the removed birch stands, the rotation length, and potentially also the susceptibility of the different stand types to future risk factors related to climate change.

Automated summary

By comparing native birch forests with planted Norway spruce forests in Norway, it was found that the spruce forests had significantly higher C and N stocks, while the birch forests had advantages in terms of understory vegetation cover and C/N stocks. However, the impact of tree species change on soil was not significant, and there were large differences in total ecosystem C stock and C accumulation between the two forest types.