Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 19, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031511
Keywords
smoking cessation; smoking initiation; gender difference; vulnerable population; family history; intergenerational relations; logistic regression analysis; cross-sectional study; WHO; FCTC; MPOWER
Funding
- university grant
- Center of Innovation Program
- Global University Project
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [25293141, 26670313, 26293198, 17H04182, 17H04126, 17H04123, 18?K18450, 19?K17634]
- Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases [ek0109070, ek0109196, ek0109348]
- Comprehensive Research on Aging and Health Science Research Grants for Dementia RD [dk0207006, dk0207027]
- Program for an Integrated Database of Clinical and Genomic Information [kk0205008]
- Practical Research Project for lifestyle-related diseases including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus [17ek0210066, 18ek0210096, 19ek0210116]
- Research Program for Health Behavior Modification by Utilizing IoT from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) [le0110005, le0110013]
- Takeda Medical Research Foundation
- Mitsubishi Foundation
- Daiwa Securities Health Foundation
- Sumitomo Foundation
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Global tobacco policies have reduced overall and male smoking rates, but female smoking rates have remained unchanged. The effects of parental smoking on children have been studied, but with mixed results in terms of gender differences. This study investigated the effects of long-term smoking behavior in families over three generations to clarify gender differences.
Global tobacco policies lowered overall and male smoking rates, but female smoking rates have remained unchanged. Parent-child studies revealed the effects of parental smoking, but gender differences had mixed results. We investigated the effects of long-term smoking behavior in families over three generations in order to clarify gender differences. A cross-sectional study in a community-based genome cohort was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire. A total of 8652 respondents were stratified by gender regarding smoking initiation. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the family smoking history. A total of 2987 current smokers and ever-smokers were compared regarding smoking cessation. With respect to smoking initiation, women were affected by their smoking mothers (odds ratio (OR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8-3.2) and grandmothers (OR, 1.7; CI, 1.1-2.4). Women who continued smoking were affected only by their smoking mothers (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.05-2.49). In conclusion, gender differences in smoking initiation and cessation are possibly associated with family smoking history. Mothers and grandmothers were shown to have a strong influence on women with respect to both smoking initiation and cessation. Future research should focus on providing evidence for effective gender-specific intervention programs to curb long-term smoking in women.
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