Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu13114144
Keywords
plant-based diets; vegetarian; vegan; sustainability; microbiome; vitamin B12; CV disease; diabetes; bone health; life cycle
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023 Program [CEX2018-000806-S]
- Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program
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Plant-based diets, including vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are becoming increasingly popular in the Western world for reasons that include concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Scientific data show that plant-based diets have preventive and therapeutic roles in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Additionally, plant-based diets are safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle and are associated with a diverse gut microbiota and anti-inflammatory metabolites.
Plant-based diets, defined here as including both vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, are growing in popularity throughout the Western world for various reasons, including concerns for human health and the health of the planet. Plant-based diets are more environmentally sustainable than meat-based diets and have a reduced environmental impact, including producing lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Dietary guidelines are normally formulated to enhance the health of society, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and prevent nutritional deficiencies. We reviewed the scientific data on plant-based diets to summarize their preventative and therapeutic role in cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Consuming plant-based diets is safe and effective for all stages of the life cycle, from pregnancy and lactation, to childhood, to old age. Plant-based diets, which are high in fiber and polyphenolics, are also associated with a diverse gut microbiota, producing metabolites that have anti-inflammatory functions that may help manage disease processes. Concerns about the adequate intake of a number of nutrients, including vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and omega-3 fats, are discussed. The use of fortified foods and/or supplements as well as appropriate food choices are outlined for each nutrient. Finally, guidelines are suggested for health professionals working with clients consuming plant-based diets.
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