TEOS Nanocomposites for the Consolidation of Carbonate Stone: The Effect of Nano-HAp and Nano-SiO2 Modifiers

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanosized structures and nanoparticles of hydrophilic silica as modifiers of both acid- and alkaline-catalysed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based products for the consolidation of carbonate stones. Their initial effectiveness and some compatibility aspects were assessed in a porous limestone (sound and artificially aged Anca stone samples) and two types of treatment (capillary absorption and brushing). The studied products were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Their depth of penetration and strengthening effect were evaluated through drilling resistance. Their action on the substrate was also further assessed by non-destructive methods based on colour variation and Shore-D hardness. Treated stone samples were dissimilarly affected by the tested treatments and exhibited a significant increase in strength with a low risk of over-strengthening. Adequate in-depth penetration patterns, as well as colour compatibility with the substrate were obtained with some of the prepared formulations through two types of treatment, both in sound and aged stone samples. The potential most effective treatments with the lowest colour change were obtained with the acid-catalysed TEOS-based products modified with HAp nanosized structures.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanosized structures and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles as modifiers for the consolidation of carbonate stones using acid- and alkaline-catalysed tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based products. The results showed that TEOS-based products modified with HAp nanosized structures through acid catalysis achieved the best consolidation effect with minimal color change.