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Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries-Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Simulating the service lifetimes and storage phases of consumer electronics in Europe with a cascade stock and flow model

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2019)

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Second life batteries lifespan: Rest of useful life and environmental analysis

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Selective extraction of lithium (Li) and preparation of battery grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) from spent Li-ion batteries in nitrate system

Chao Peng et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HC1 media for the recycling of valuable metals from Li-ion battery waste

Antti Porvali et al.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2019)

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Numerical simulation of counter-current liquid liquid extraction for recovering Co, Ni and Li from lithium-ion battery leachates of varying composition

Fedor Vasilyev et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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A process for combination of recycling lithium and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion battery

Yue Yang et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2019)

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Closed-loop hydrometallurgical treatment of end-of-life lithium ion batteries: Towards zero-waste process and metal recycling in advanced batteries

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Hydrometallurgical preparation of lithium carbonate from lithium-rich electrolyte

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HYDROMETALLURGY (2019)

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Application of mechanical crushing combined with pyrolysis-enhanced flotation technology to recover graphite and LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2019)

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Pyrolysis and physical separation for the recovery of spent LiFePO4 batteries

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Deep eutectic solvents for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries

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NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Technology

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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2019)

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Efficient recycling of valuable resources from discarded lithium-ion batteries

Chang-Heum Jo et al.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT (2019)

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Chemical Transformations in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Materials by Carbothermic Reduction

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ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Long cycle life and dendrite-free lithium morphology in anode-free lithium pouch cells enabled by a dual-salt liquid electrolyte

Rochelle Weber et al.

NATURE ENERGY (2019)

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Reclaiming graphite from spent lithium ion batteries ecologically and economically

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ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Disassembly Automation for Recycling End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

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JOM (2019)

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Sulfation Roasting Mechanism for Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Metal Oxides Under SO2-O2-Ar Atmosphere

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JOM (2019)

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Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2019)

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Thermal profiling of lithium ion battery electrodes at different states of charge and aging conditions

Yannick Philipp Stenzel et al.

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Low-Temperature Molten-Salt-Assisted Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Thermal runaway and fire behaviors of large-scale lithium ion batteries with different heating methods

Zhi Wang et al.

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

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NATURE (2019)

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Study on the reduction roasting of spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 lithium-ion battery cathode materials

Pengcheng Liu et al.

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A low-toxicity and high-efficiency deep eutectic solvent for the separation of aluminum foil and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Mengmeng Wang et al.

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Lithium carbonate recovery from lithium-containing solution by ultrasound assisted precipitation

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Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer

Maksim Kunitski et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Aqueous solution discharge of cylindrical lithium-ion cells

James Shaw-Stewart et al.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2019)

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Environmentally benign process for selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by using conventional sulfation roasting

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GREEN CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium Ion Batteries, Part I: Commercial Processes

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A strategy for the dissolution and separation of rare earth oxides by novel Bronsted acidic deep eutectic solvents

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GREEN CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Aqueous leaching of lithium from simulated pyrometallurgical slag by sodium sulfate roasting

Na Li et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2019)

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Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Mengyuan Chen et al.

JOULE (2019)

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A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

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BATTERIES-BASEL (2019)

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Chromatographic Techniques in the Research Area of Lithium Ion Batteries: Current State-of-the-Art

Yannick Philipp Stenzel et al.

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The Role of Cations on the Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries: A Quantitative Analytical Approach

Sascha Nowak et al.

ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH (2018)

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Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles

Yang Shi et al.

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Thermodynamic study on recovery of lithium using phosphate precipitation method

Chao Xiao et al.

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All-solid-state lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries - paving the way to large-scale production

Joscha Schnell et al.

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Separation of Li and Co from the active mass of spent Li-ion batteries by selective sulfating roasting with sodium bisulfate and water leaching

Dahui Wang et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2018)

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The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives

Ghassan Zubi et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2018)

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Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using organic acids as leaching reagents: A review

Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh et al.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2018)

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A promising physical method for recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: Grinding flotation

Jiadong Yu et al.

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Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

Feng Jiang et al.

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Selective reductive leaching of cobalt and lithium from industrially crushed waste Li-ion batteries in sulfuric acid system

Chao Peng et al.

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Challenging the concept of electrochemical discharge using salt solutions for lithium-ion batteries recycling

Severi Ojanen et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Pyrolysis-Ultrasonic-Assisted Flotation Technology for Recovering Graphite and LiCoO2 from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Guangwen Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Weiguang Lv et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries

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NATURE ENERGY (2018)

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Materials for lithium-ion battery safety

Kai Liu et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2018)

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A Mini-Review on Metal Recycling from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

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ENGINEERING (2018)

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Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al.

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Complementary analyses of aging in a commercial LiFePO4/graphite 26650 cell

Roberto Scipioni et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Coupling reactions and collapsing model in the roasting process of recycling metals from LiCoO2 batteries

JiaKai Mao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2018)

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Optimization of metals extraction from spent lithium-ion batteries by sulphuric acid and sodium metabisulphite through a techno-economic evaluation

Nathalia Vieceli et al.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Bin Huang et al.

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Operando and three-dimensional visualization of anion depletion and lithium growth by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Qian Cheng et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

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Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

Yonglin Yao et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Degradation Mechanism of Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis

Fabian Diaz et al.

METALS (2018)

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Key issues for Li-ion battery recycling

Linda Gaines et al.

MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY (2018)

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Recovery of manganese from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries and synthesis of lithium ion-sieve

Jishen Li et al.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2018)

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Alternative binders for sustainable electrochemical energy storage - the transition to aqueous electrode processing and bio-derived polymers

Dominic Bresser et al.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2018)

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Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles

Kirti Richa et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (2017)

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The Development and Future of Lithium Ion Batteries

George E. Blomgren

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2017)

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Safety Requirements for Transportation of Lithium Batteries

Haibo Huo et al.

ENERGIES (2017)

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Recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by Fenton reagent-assisted flotation

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JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2017)

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Silicon Anode Design for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Progress and Perspectives

Alba Franco Gonzalez et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2017)

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Lithium loss in the solid electrolyte interphase: Lithium quantification of aged lithium ion battery graphite electrodes by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

Timo Schwieters et al.

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of electrolyte from spent lithium ion batteries and its characterization by gas chromatography with chemical ionization

Xaver Moennighoff et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2017)

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Where is the lithium? Quantitative determination of the lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells: Investigations on the influence of the temperature, the C-rate and the cell type

Britta Vortmann-Westhoven et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2017)

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Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries

M. Boerner et al.

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Direct regeneration of recycled cathode material mixture from scrapped LiFePO4 batteries

Xuelei Li et al.

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Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: the odyssey for high energy density

Tobias Placke et al.

JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2017)

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The Role of Sub- and Supercritical CO2 as Processing Solvent for the Recycling and Sample Preparation of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes

Sascha Nowak et al.

MOLECULES (2017)

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Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries

Dingchang Lin et al.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2017)

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Tracing global lithium flow: A trade-linked material flow analysis

Xin Sun et al.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2017)

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Solvent extraction fractionation of Li-ion battery leachate containing Li, Ni, and Co

Sami Virolainen et al.

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Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries by smelting reduction process based on FeO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system

Guo-xing Ren et al.

TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA (2017)

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Sustainable Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Lactic Acid Leaching System

Li Li et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2017)

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Lithium market research - global supply, future demand and price development

Gunther Martin et al.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2017)

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Towards quantification of toxicity of lithium ion battery electrolytes - development and validation of a liquid-liquid extraction GC-MS method for the determination of organic carbonates in cell culture materials

Jenny Strehlau et al.

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Post-Mortem Investigations of Fluorinated Flame Retardants for Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes by Gas Chromatography with Chemical Ionization

Xaver Moennighoff et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2017)

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Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Koen Binnemans et al.

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Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review

Xin-Bing Cheng et al.

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Reviving Lithium-Metal Anodes for Next-Generation High-Energy Batteries

Yanpeng Guo et al.

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A Review of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Metal Anode

Xin-Bing Cheng et al.

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Best Practice: Performance and Cost Evaluation of Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials with Special Emphasis on Energy Efficiency

Paul Meister et al.

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Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Sergej Rothermel et al.

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Influence of Battery Cell Components and Water on the Thermal and Chemical Stability of LiPF6 Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes

Simon Wiemers-Meyer et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2016)

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Environmentally friendly recycling and effective repairing of cathode powders from spent LiFePO4 batteries

Jiangping Chen et al.

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Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yue Yang et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2016)

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Renovation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries by an Aqueous Pulsed Discharge Plasma

Shuguang Zhu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2016)

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Analysis on Extraction Behaviour of Lithium-ion Battery Electrolyte Solvents in Supercritical CO2 by Gas Chromatography

Yuanlong Liu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2016)

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Bioleaching of valuable metals Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries for the purpose of recovery

Yayun Xin et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2016)

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In operando X-shaped cell online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS): New online analysis enables insight into lab scale lithium ion batteries during operation

H. Hahn et al.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2016)

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Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO2/graphite lithium batteries

Jia Li et al.

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Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries using Aspergillus niger

N. Bahaloo Horeh et al.

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Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries

J. Ordonez et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2016)

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A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of rare earth elements from fluorescent lamp waste fractions

Cristian Tunsu et al.

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Generation and detection of metal ions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the pretreatment processes for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

Jia Li et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2016)

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Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Daniel A. Bertuol et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2016)

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Cobalt products from real waste fractions of end of life lithium ion batteries

Francesca Pagnanelli et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2016)

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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Process for Well-Dispersed Silicon/Graphene Composite as a Li ion Battery Anode

Sang Ha Lee et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Capacity Fade Analysis of Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Jianhua Yan et al.

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Investigation of the Storage Behavior of Shredded Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Recycling Purposes

Martin Gruetzke et al.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2015)

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Recovery of valuable metal ions from the spent lithium-ion battery using aqueous mixture of mild organic acids as alternative to mineral acids

G. P. Nayaka et al.

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Reclaiming rare earth elements from end-of-life products: A review of the perspectives for urban mining using hydrometallurgical unit operations

Cristian Tunsu et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2015)

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Beneficiation of cobalt, copper and aluminum from wasted lithium-ion batteries by mechanical processing

Ana Javorsky da Costa et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MINERAL PROCESSING (2015)

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Succinic acid-based leaching system: A sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries

Li Li et al.

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Aging investigations of a lithium-ion battery electrolyte from a field-tested hybrid electric vehicle

Martin Gruetzke et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2015)

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A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries

Joo Gon Kim et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2015)

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Review-Chemical Analysis for a Better Understanding of Aging and Degradation Mechanisms of Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries: Method Development, Application and Lessons Learned

Sascha Nowak et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2015)

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Li-ion battery materials: present and future

Naoki Nitta et al.

MATERIALS TODAY (2015)

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Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries

Xiangping Chen et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2015)

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Extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide and additional solvents

Martin Gruetzke et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2015)

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Effect of Temperature on the Aging rate of Li Ion Battery Operating above Room Temperature

Feng Leng et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2015)

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Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage

D. Larcher et al.

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Recovery and utilization of graphite and polymer materials from spent lithium-ion batteries for synthesizing polymer-graphite nanocomposite thin films

Subramanian Natarajan et al.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2015)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Industrial

Robot Assisted Disassembly for the Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries

Kathrin Wegener et al.

22ND CIRP CONFERENCE ON LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING (2015)

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Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Kang Xu

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Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications

Emma L. Smith et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2014)

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Recent Progress in Heavy Metal Extraction by Supercritical CO2 Fluids

Fengying Lin et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2014)

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Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2

S. Krueger et al.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2014)

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A closed loop process for recycling spent lithium ion batteries

Eric Gratz et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2014)

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lithium-ion battery electrolytes

Martin Gruetzke et al.

JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS (2014)

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Investigations on novel electrolytes, solvents and SEI additives for use in lithium-ion batteries: Systematic electrochemical characterization and detailed analysis by spectroscopic methods

Raphael W. Schmitz et al.

PROGRESS IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY (2014)

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Economies of scale for future lithium-ion battery recycling infrastructure

Xue Wang et al.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2014)

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Supercritical CO2 extraction of organic carbonate-based electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries

Yuanlong Liu et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2014)

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The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course

Linda Gaines

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2014)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Industrial

A review of lithium supply and demand and a preliminary investigation of a room temperature method to recycle lithium ion batteries to recover lithium and other materials

Alexandru Sonoc et al.

21ST CIRP CONFERENCE ON LIFE CYCLE ENGINEERING (2014)

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Low-Transition-Temperature Mixtures (LTTMs): A New Generation of Designer Solvents

Maria Francisco et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2013)

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Re-synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiFePO4 Cathode Materials Recycled from Scrap Electrodes

Hyung Sun Kim et al.

BULLETIN OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2013)

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Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries - a review

Dominic Bresser et al.

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS (2013)

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Characteristics of wet and dry crushing methods in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries

Tao Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2013)

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Sulfide Solid Electrolyte with Favorable Mechanical Property for All-Solid-State Lithium Battery

Atsushi Sakuda et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2013)

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Layered lithium transition metal oxide cathodes towards high energy lithium-ion batteries

Ping He et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Product recovery from Li-ion battery wastes coming from an industrial pre-treatment plant: Lab scale tests and process simulations

Giuseppe Granata et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries

T. Georgi-Maschler et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2012)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Liang Sun et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Thermal stability and flammability of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

Catia Arbizzani et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2011)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272

Jingu Kang et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2010)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant

Li Li et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2010)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future

Bruno Scrosati et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2010)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Is lithium the new gold?

Jean-Marie Tarascon

NATURE CHEMISTRY (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Extraction of Uranium from Aqueous Solutions by Using Ionic Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Conjunction

Joanna Shaofen Wang et al.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Hydrometallurgical separation of aluminium, cobalt, copper and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries

Daniel Alvarenga Ferreira et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2009)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Debaraj Mishra et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2008)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A study of the separation of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery residues

Germano Dorella et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2007)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Used lithium ion rechargeable battery recycling using Etoile-Rebatt technology

Dong-il Ra et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2006)

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Article Electrochemistry

Chemical overcharge and overdischarge protection for lithium-ion batteries

J Chen et al.

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS (2005)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Eutectic freeze crystallization in a new apparatus: the cooled disk column crystallizer

F van der Ham et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING-PROCESS INTENSIFICATION (2004)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries

K Xu

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2004)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Modified carbons for improved anodes in lithium ion cells

H Buqa et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2001)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Recycling of lithium ion cells and batteries

MJ Lain

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2001)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process

M Contestabile et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2001)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of metals from aqueous solutions: a review

C Erkey

JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS (2000)

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