Multifactorial seroprofiling dissects the contribution of pre-existing human coronaviruses responses to SARS-CoV-2 immunity

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Christian Gaebler et al.

Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

Jennifer M. Dan et al.

Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic

Lewis F. Buss et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the attack rate of COVID-19 in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state in northern Brazil, reached 66% in June 2020, rising to 76% by October, higher than the estimated attack rate of 29% in Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil, during the same period.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by dimeric IgA

Zijun Wang et al.

Summary: The IgA response to SARS-CoV-2 was characterized in a cohort of 149 convalescent individuals after COVID-19 diagnosis. IgA responses in plasma generally correlated with IgG responses, and B cells producing IgM, IgG, and IgA were derived from common progenitor cells. Notably, IgA dimers were found to be 15 times more potent than IgA monomers against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting their potential value for protection and vaccine efficacy.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity

Emma C. Thomson et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus can mutate and evade immunity, with mutations like N439K conferring resistance against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and enhancing binding affinity to hACE2 receptor. Despite similar in vitro replication fitness and clinical outcomes compared to wild type, N439K mutation highlights the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance for guiding vaccine and therapeutic development and usage.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 show high resistance to vaccine neutralization, with some able to escape vaccine responses with just a few mutations, highlighting the importance of developing broadly protective measures against variants.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection

Elizabeth M. Anderson et al.

Summary: Our research indicates that most individuals had antibodies against other seasonal human coronaviruses before the COVID-19 pandemic. Around 20% of these individuals also had antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2, but these antibodies did not offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations.

CELL (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Sensitivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assays in a high-prevalence setting

Lisa Muller et al.

Summary: Evaluation and power of seroprevalence studies depend on the performed serological assays. This study compared four commercial serological tests and an in-house test for identifying SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals in a high-prevalence setting. Results showed that commercial assays detected antibodies in a higher percentage of individuals, and spike-based assays were better at predicting neutralization titer than nucleoprotein-based assays.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for COVID-19

Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Immunology

Persistent cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Gaelle Breton et al.

Summary: Recovered individuals exhibit persistent polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific memory, as well as enduring alterations in the relative overall numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells, including cell division and expression of activation/exhaustion markers.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Discrete SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers track with functional humoral stability

Yannic C. Bartsch et al.

Summary: The study reveals significant heterogeneity in antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with limited decay of antibody titers over time. Observing neutralization, Fc-function, and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses requires reaching a certain threshold of receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody titers, indicating a switch-like relationship between antibody titer and function.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19

Adam K. Wheatley et al.

Summary: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Antibody, B cell, and T cell responses decline over the first 4 months post-infection, while S-specific IgG(+) memory B cells consistently accumulate. The study suggests that natural infection may only provide transient protection at a population level, highlighting the need for more immunogenic and durable vaccines.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infected healthcare workers

Stephane Marot et al.

Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce neutralizing antibody response correlated with antibody levels, but this neutralizing activity declines after two months post-disease onset, suggesting the need for maintaining infection prevention measures and considering periodic vaccination boosts.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lasting antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients three months after infection

Xiao-Lin Jiang et al.

Summary: The majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients maintain IgG, neutralising antibody, and T cell responses for at least 3-4 months post-infection, while IgM levels largely decrease during this time period.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Seroprevalence and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from a population-based study in Bonn, Germany

N. Ahmad Aziz et al.

Summary: The study conducted in Bonn, Germany examined the seroprevalence and temporal course of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, revealing a low prevalence (<1%) and a relatively rapid waning of neutralizing antibodies within a few months after the first epidemic wave. Only about 20% of individuals with positive neutralizing antibodies lost them within five months. Further population-based studies are needed to understand immunity levels and antibody dynamics.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cross-reactive CD4+ T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination

Lucie Loyal et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that preexisting spike-cross-reactive T cells play a functional role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may explain the rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 cases.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients

Teresa Aydillo et al.

Summary: The study found that previous infections with seasonal coronaviruses can affect the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. While SARS-CoV-2 infection can boost pre-existing responses to other coronaviruses, this back-boosting hampers the induction of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Epitope-resolved profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response identifies cross-reactivity with endemic human coronaviruses

Jason T. Ladner et al.

Summary: The study used a highly multiplexed peptide assay to investigate antibody responses across all human coronaviruses in COVID-19 convalescent and negative donors. The results show that antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 can cross-recognize specific epitopes of pandemic and endemic coronavirus antigens, with a preference for binding endemic homologs.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Longitudinal Serological Analysis and Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Patients

Frauke Muecksch et al.

Summary: Understanding the longitudinal trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is crucial for diagnosis and immunity prediction. Different serological assays have varying suitability for surveillance and prediction of neutralization potency, with S-based assays better predicting neutralization levels over time.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Virology

Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike versus Nucleoprotein Antibody Responses Impact the Estimates of Infections in Population-Based Seroprevalence Studies

Craig Fenwick et al.

Summary: In this study, antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated in acute and postinfection subjects. The results show that responses against viral S and N proteins were equally sensitive in acute phase, but N responses decreased in postinfection phase while S responses persisted. The most sensitive assay used the native S protein trimer, suggesting its importance in estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections and assessing vaccine-induced responses.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology