4.4 Article

Urinary exosomal vitronectin predicts vesicoureteral reflux in patients with neurogenic bladders and spinal cord injuries

Journal

EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE
Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages -

Publisher

SPANDIDOS PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10988

Keywords

lower urinary tract damage; neurogenic bladder; spinal cord injury; vesicoureteral reflux; vitronectin

Funding

  1. Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, China [SZSM201612018]

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This study identified VTN as a potential biomarker in urinary exosomes for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of neurogenic bladder.
Neurogenic bladder (NGB) is an important complication of urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, using urodynamics and urography to guide therapy remains invasive and complicated. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify potential noninvasive biomarkers from urinary exosomes that can facilitate diagnosis and guide prognosis of patients with NGB subsequent to SCI. Urinary exosomes were isolated, and their proteome profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis confirmed the size and morphological characteristics of urinary exosomes. In addition, bioinformatics analysis and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) were used to screen candidate biomarkers. The selected biomarkers were validated using western blotting and ELISA. Mass spectrometry identified 134 upregulated proteins and 99 downregulated proteins between the vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and non-VUR groups. A total of 18 candidate proteins were selected for PRM validation, but only vitronectin (VTN) and alpha-1 type I collagen (COL1A1) demonstrated significant differences. In the validation experiments using western blotting and ELISA, VTN was exclusively highly expressed in VUR patients compared with non-VUR patients. However, the ELISA results of COL1A1 revealed no significant difference when a larger sample size was used. Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic curve of ELISA-based VTN demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.795 and 80% sensitivity at a threshold set to give 82.9% specificity. Collectively, these results suggested that VTN in urinary exosomes may be used as a biomarker to predict the progression and guide the prognosis of NGB.

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