Addressing context dependence in ecology

Context dependence is widely invoked to explain disparate results in ecology. It arises when the magnitude or sign of a relationship varies due to the conditions under which it is observed. Such variation, especially when unexplained, can lead to spurious or seemingly contradictory conclusions, which can limit understanding and our ability to transfer findings across studies, space, and time. Using examples from biological invasions, we identify two types of context dependence resulting from four sources: mechanistic context dependence arises from interaction effects; and apparent context dependence can arise from the presence of confounding factors, problems of statistical inference, and methodological differences among studies. Addressing context dependence is a critical challenge in ecology, essential for increased understanding and prediction.

Automated summary

Context dependence is a key factor in explaining diverse outcomes in ecology, and it arises when the conditions under which a relationship is observed change. It can lead to contradictory conclusions and limit the transferability of research findings. Through examples from biological invasions, two types of context dependence, mechanistic and apparent, are identified.