Phytotoxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles: An emerging nanotoxicology

Recent innovations in the field of nanoscience and technology and its proficiency as a part of inter-disciplinary science has set an eclectic display in innumerable branches of science, a majority in aliened health science of human and agriculture. Modern agricultural practices have been shifting towards the implementation of nanotechnology-based solutions to combat various emerging problems ranging from safe delivery of nutrients to sustainable approaches for plant protection. In these processes, engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are widely used as nanocarriers (to deliver nutrients and pesticides) due to their high permeability, efficacy, biocompatibility, and biodegradability properties. Even though the constructive nature of nanoparticles (NPs), nanomaterials (NMs), and other modified or ENPs towards sustainable development in agriculture is referenced, the darker side i.e., eco-toxicological effects is still not covered to a larger extent. The overwhelming usage of these trending NMs has led to continuous persistence in the ecosystem, and their interface with the biotic and abiotic community, degradation lanes and intervention, which might lead to certain beneficial or malefic effects. Metal oxide NPs and polymeric NPs (Alginate, chitosan, and polyethylene glycol) are the most used ENPs, which are posing the nature of beneficial as well as environmentally concerning hazardous materials depending upon their fate and persistence in the ecosystem. The cautious usage of NMs in a scientific way is most essential to harness beneficial aspects of NMs in the field of agriculture whilst minimizing the eco-toxicological effects. The current review is fo-cused on the toxicological effects of various NMs on plant physiology and health. It details interactions of plant in-tracellular components between applied/persistent NMs, which have brought out drastic changes in seed germination, crop productivity, direct and indirect interaction at the enzymatic as well as nuclear levels. In conclu-sion, ENPs can pose as genotoxicants that may alter the plant phenotype if not administered appropriately. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Recent innovations in nanoscience and technology have had a significant impact on various branches of science, particularly in health and agriculture. Engineered nanoparticles are widely used in agriculture for nutrient delivery and plant protection, but their potential eco-toxicological effects need to be carefully considered.