Journal
RETROVIROLOGY
Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00577-x
Keywords
HIV-1; Lentiviruses; Capsid; Host factors; Inhibitors; Sequence variation
Categories
Funding
- NIH [R01AI100720]
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED [21jk0210039, 20fk0108163, 20fk0108451, 20fk0410033, 21fk0410033, 20wm0325009, 21wm0325009]
- JSPS KAKENHI [19K06382]
- CRDF Global Grant [JP21jk0210039]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19K06382] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The HIV-1 capsid protein plays a crucial role in viral replication and is being explored as a potential therapeutic target. Host factors can interact with the capsid protein to affect infection, and extensive research has been conducted on the diversity and interactions of viral capsids with host molecules. This understanding of the sequence-function relationship of the capsid protein contributes to our knowledge of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.
The HIV-1 capsid, a conical shell encasing viral nucleoprotein complexes, is involved in multiple post-entry processes during viral replication. Many host factors can directly bind to the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) and either promote or prevent HIV-1 infection. The viral capsid is currently being explored as a novel target for therapeutic interventions. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the capsid-host interactions and mechanisms of action of capsid-targeting antivirals. At the same time, a large number of different viral capsids, which derive from many HIV-1 mutants, naturally occurring variants, or diverse lentiviruses, have been characterized for their interactions with capsid-binding molecules in great detail utilizing various experimental techniques. This review provides an overview of how sequence variation in CA influences phenotypic properties of HIV-1. We will focus on sequence differences that alter capsid-host interactions and give a brief account of drug resistant mutations in CA and their mutational effects on viral phenotypes. Increased knowledge of the sequence-function relationship of CA helps us deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.
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