Cluster-state-based quantum secret sharing for users with different abilities

The four-qubit cluster state has a more robust entanglement property than other four-particle states. Empowered by the 4-qubit cluster state and Bell state entanglement, two quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols are proposed in this paper. The first protocol is with the quantum users who can perform Bell measurement. The second protocol is with classical users who only can perform Z basis measurement and is also known as semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS). Moreover, the security analysis shows the proposed QSS and SQSS protocols can achieve full security and resist some common eavesdropping attacks, such as interception attack, measure-resend attack, entanglement-measure attack, and Trojan horse attack. Meanwhile, the efficiency comparison shows that the proposed protocols are also efficient than other similar protocols with relate to the qubit efficiency.

Automated summary

Two quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols utilizing four-qubit cluster state and Bell state entanglement are proposed in this paper, catering to quantum and classical users respectively. The proposed protocols demonstrate full security and resistance to common eavesdropping attacks, while also showing efficiency advantages over similar protocols in terms of qubit efficiency.