Preventing translational inhibition from ribosomal protein insufficiency by a herpes simplex virus-encoded ribosome-associated protein

In addition to being required for protein synthesis, ribosomes and ribosomal proteins (RPs) also regulate messenger RNA translation in uninfected and virus-infected cells. By individually depleting 85 RPs using RNA interference, we found that overall protein synthesis in uninfected primary fibroblasts was more sensitive to RP depletion than those infected with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Although representative RP depletion (uL3, uS4, uL5) inhibited protein synthesis in cells infected with two different DNA viruses (human cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus), HSV-1-infected cell protein synthesis unexpectedly endured and required a single virusencoded gene product, VP22. During individual RP insufficiency, VP22-expressing HSV-1 replicated better than a VP22-deficient variant. Furthermore, VP22 promotes polysome accumulation in virusinfected cells when uL3 or ribosome availability is limiting and cosediments with initiating and elongating ribosomes in infected and uninfected cells. This identifies VP22 as a virus-encoded, ribosome-associated protein that compensates for RP insufficiency to support viral protein synthesis and replication. Moreover, it reveals an unanticipated class of virus-encoded, ribosome-associated effectors that reduce the dependence of protein synthesis upon host RPs and broadly support translation during physiological stress such as infection.

Automated summary

The study reveals the dual role of ribosomes and ribosomal proteins (RPs) in protein synthesis and regulation of messenger RNA translation in infected and uninfected cells. Virus-encoded VP22 compensates for RP insufficiency to support viral protein synthesis and replication, highlighting a class of virus-encoded, ribosome-associated effectors that reduce the dependence of protein synthesis upon host RPs and broadly support translation during physiological stress such as infection.