Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 119, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111900119
Keywords
NK cell; T cell; perforin; cancer; radiotherapy
Categories
Funding
- Cancer Research UK [C147/A25254]
- Wellcome Trust Investigator Award [110091/Z/15/Z]
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (GSK)
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (AstraZeneca)
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (University of Manchester, United Kingdom)
- Wellcome Trust [110091/Z/15/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
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The study reveals that radiotherapy induces resistance in cancer cells by inhibiting perforin-induced calcium flux and lysis. This resistance also hampers NK cell-mediated clearance of cancer cells and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell cytotoxicity.
The impact of radiotherapy on the interaction between immune cells and cancer cells is important not least because radiotherapy can be used alongside immunotherapy as a cancer treatment. Unexpectedly, we found that X-ray irradiation of cancer cells induced significant resistance to natural killer (NK) cell killing. This was true across a wide variety of cancer-cell types as well as for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Resistance appeared 72 h postirradiation and persisted for 2 wk. Resistance could also occur independently of radiotherapy through pharmacologically induced cell-cycle arrest. Crucially, multiple steps in NK-cell engagement, synapse assembly, and activation were unaffected by target cell irradiation. Instead, radiotherapy caused profound resistance to perforin-induced calcium flux and lysis. Resistance also occurred to a structurally similar bacterial toxin, streptolysin O. Radiotherapy did not affect the binding of pore-forming proteins at the cell surface or membrane repair. Rather, irradiation instigated a defect in functional pore formation, consistent with phosphatidylserine-mediated perforin inhibition. In vivo, radiotherapy also led to a significant reduction in NK cell-mediated clearance of cancer cells. Radiotherapy-induced resistance to perforin also constrained chimeric antigen receptor T-cell cytotoxicity. Together, these data establish a treatment-induced resistance to lymphocyte cytotoxicity that is important to consider in the design of radiotherapy-immunotherapy protocols.
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