Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 119, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115593119
Keywords
cell division; mitotic spindle; forces; cytoplasm; flows
Categories
Funding
- Chinese Scholarship Council [201708070046]
- LabEx Who am I? [ANR-11-LABX-0071]
- ARC (Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer) foundation [PDF20191209818]
- EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization) [ALTF 881-2019]
- ImagoSeine core facility of the Institut Jacques Monod [ANR-10-INBS-04]
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Universite de Paris
- La Ligue Contre le Cancer (EL2021.LNCC/NiM)
- Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR, TiMecaDev)
- Fondation Bettencourt Schueller
- European Research Council (ERC CoG Forcaster) [647073]
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Cells are filled with macromolecules and polymer networks that provide viscous and elastic properties to the cytoplasm. Using magnetic tweezers, researchers found that the cytoplasm can exert reactive forces to move organelles back to their original positions. These findings have important implications for cell division positioning and cellular organization.
Cells are filled with macromolecules and polymer networks that set scale-dependent viscous and elastic properties to the cytoplasm. Although the role of these parameters in molecular diffusion, reaction kinetics, and cellular biochemistry is being increasingly recognized, their contributions to the motion and positioning of larger organelles, such as mitotic spindles for cell division, remain unknown. Here, using magnetic tweezers to displace and rotate mitotic spindles in living embryos, we uncovered that the cytoplasm can impart viscoelastic reactive forces that move spindles, or passive objects with similar size, back to their original positions. These forces are independent of cytoskeletal force generators yet reach hundreds of piconewtons and scale with cytoplasm crowding. Spindle motion shears and fluidizes the cytoplasm, dissipating elastic energy and limiting spindle recoils with functional implications for asymmetric and oriented divisions. These findings suggest that bulk cytoplasm material properties may constitute important control elements for the regulation of division positioning and cellular organization.
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