Robust Self-Testing of Multiparticle Entanglement

Quantum self-testing is a device-independent way to certify quantum states and measurements using only the input-output statistics, with minimal assumptions about the quantum devices. Because of the high demand on tolerable noise, however, experimental self-testing was limited to two-photon systems. Here, we demonstrate the first robust self-testing for multiphoton genuinely entangled quantum states. We prepare two examples of four-photon graph states, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states with a fidelity of 0.957(2) and the linear cluster states with a fidelity of 0.945(2). Based on the observed input-output statistics, we certify the genuine four-photon entanglement and further estimate their qualities with respect to realistic noise in a device-independent manner.

Automated summary

This study demonstrates robust self-testing for multiphoton genuinely entangled quantum states, certifying four-photon entanglement in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and linear cluster states with fidelities of 0.957 and 0.945, respectively. By observing input-output statistics, the qualities of these entangled states with respect to realistic noise were estimated in a device-independent manner.