Influence of gut and intratumoral microbiota on the immune microenvironment and anti-cancer therapy

Microbiota has been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression and therapeutic efficacy. However, the effect of microbiota on disease progression is context dependent, differing according to tumor types, therapeutic regimens, and composition of the microbiota, calling for a deeper understanding of host-microbiome interactions. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota influences disease progression by regulating local and systemic immunity. Notably, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, intratumoral microbiota has also been found and constitutes an important component of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about the identification of intra-tumor microbiota and discuss the role of gut and intratumoral microbiota in solid tumors in the angle of immune microenvironment interaction. Furthermore, we discuss how these findings may benefit current anti-cancer approaches. Key problems to be solved in ongoing and future research are highlighted.

Automated summary

The impact of microbiota on disease progression varies depending on the tumor types, therapeutic regimens, and microbiota composition, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of host-microbiome interactions. Gut microbiota influences disease progression by regulating local and systemic immunity, with intratumoral microbiota being an important component of the tumor microenvironment. The identification of intra-tumor microbiota and its role in immune microenvironment interaction may benefit current anti-cancer approaches.