An optimized framework for digital watermarking based on multi-parameterized 2D-FrFT using PSO

In this paper, we propose a multi-parameter image watermarking algorithm using the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The proposed algorithm employs a double transform mechanism to increase the robustness of the algorithm against attacks. We also couple the application of the transform with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to decide on the ideal fractional domain for the embedding process. The PSO finds the optimal fractional domain by minimizing the RMSE between the input image and the watermarked image. The results obtained are tested against standard parameters, e.g., robustness, imperceptibility, payload capacity, to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.

Automated summary

This paper proposes a multi-parameter image watermarking algorithm using the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT), which utilizes a double transform mechanism to enhance robustness against attacks. The algorithm integrates the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the optimal fractional domain for embedding by minimizing the RMSE. Performance evaluation tests against standard parameters show improved robustness, imperceptibility, and payload capacity of the algorithm.