Journal
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages 194-201Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000599
Keywords
inflammatory bowel disease; graft-versus-host disease; regulatory T cell and fecal microbiota transplantation
Categories
Funding
- [R56 AI116715]
- [R01 HL56067]
- [R01 AI112613]
- [R01 AI 34495]
- NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE [R01HL056067, R01HL118979] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R56AI116715, R01AI112613, R01AI034495] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The human intestine contains 10(14) bacteria, which outnumber the mammalian cells 10-fold. Certain other commensal or infectious agents, like helminthic parasites, become members of this microbial ecosystem, especially in populations living under less hygienic conditions. Intestinal microbes, also called the microbiome or microbiota, shape the host immune reactivity to self and nonself throughout life. Changes in microbiome composition may impair the maturation of immune regulatory pathways and predispose the host to develop various forms of inflammatory disorders, like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. The microbiome is also critical to successful transplantation of organs or grafts. After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, when the new donor cells, such as T lymphocytes learn to discriminate the new self from nonself in the transplant recipient, they need healthy microbiota-derived signals to preserve the immune homeostasis. Restoring microbiota through intestinal delivery of bacterial strains, helminths, fecal microbiota transplantation, or stool substitutes have the potential to improve and correct aberrant immune reactivity in various disorders.
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