Journal
NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH
Volume 17, Issue 9, Pages 1861-1866Publisher
WOLTERS KLUWER MEDKNOW PUBLICATIONS
DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335690
Keywords
aminochrome; astrocytes; dopamine; dopaminergic neurons; exosomes; glutathione transferase M2-2; neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease
Categories
Funding
- ANID-FONDECYT [1170033]
- ANID-STINT-CONICYT [CS2018-7940]
- Swedish Research Council [2015-04222]
- Swedish Research Council [2015-04222] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
- Vinnova [2015-04222] Funding Source: Vinnova
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Astrocytes play a vital role in protecting neurons by providing energy, defending against excitotoxicity, metabolizing fatty acids, and converting glutamate. A recent discovery suggests that astrocytes also protect dopamine neurons from neurotoxicity through the secretion of certain enzymes.
Astrocytes protect neurons by modulating neuronal function and survival. Astrocytes support neurons in several ways. They provide energy through the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, protect neurons from excitotoxicity, and internalize neuronal lipid droplets to degrade fatty acids for neuronal metabolic and synaptic support, as well as by their high capacity for glutamate uptake and the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. A recent reported astrocyte system for protection of dopamine neurons against the neurotoxic products of dopamine, such as aminochrome and other o-quinones, were generated under neuromelanin synthesis by oxidizing dopamine catechol structure. Astrocytes secrete glutathione transferase M2-2 through exosomes that transport this enzyme into dopaminergic neurons to protect these neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. The role of this new astrocyte protective mechanism in Parkinson ' s disease is discussed.
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