Physical properties of the bacterial outer membrane

In this Review, Huang and colleagues explore the emerging physical and mechanical properties of the Gram-negative outer membrane. They discuss recent studies that revealed key molecular factors and interactions that give rise to the spatial organization, limited diffusivity and stress-bearing capacity of the outer membrane. It has long been appreciated that the Gram-negative outer membrane acts as a permeability barrier, but recent studies have uncovered a more expansive and versatile role for the outer membrane in cellular physiology and viability. Owing to recent developments in microfluidics and microscopy, the structural, rheological and mechanical properties of the outer membrane are becoming apparent across multiple scales. In this Review, we discuss experimental and computational studies that have revealed key molecular factors and interactions that give rise to the spatial organization, limited diffusivity and stress-bearing capacity of the outer membrane. These physical properties suggest broad connections between cellular structure and physiology, and we explore future prospects for further elucidation of the implications of outer membrane construction for cellular fitness and survival.

Automated summary

This review discusses the emerging physical and mechanical properties of the Gram-negative outer membrane, revealing a more expansive and versatile role in cellular physiology and viability. Recent studies have uncovered key molecular factors and interactions through experimental and computational research, while advancements in microfluidics and microscopy have contributed to a better understanding of the structural, rheological, and mechanical properties of the outer membrane. These findings suggest broader connections between cellular structure and physiology, with future prospects for elucidating the implications of outer membrane construction for cellular fitness and survival.