Carnegie Supernova Project: kinky i-band light curves of Type Ia supernovae

We present detailed investigation of a specific i-band light-curve feature in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) using the rapid cadence and high signal-to-noise ratio light curves obtained by the Carnegie Supernova Project. The feature is present in most SNe Ia and emerges a few days after the i-band maximum. It is an abrupt change in curvature in the light curve over a few days and appears as a flattening in mild cases and a strong downward concave shape, or a 'kink', in the most extreme cases. We computed the second derivatives of Gaussian Process interpolations to study 54 rapid-cadence light curves. From the second derivatives we measure: (1) the timing of the feature in days relative to i-band maximum; tdm(2)(i) and (2) the strength and direction of the concavity in mag d(-2); dm(2)(i). 76 per cent of the SNe Ia show a negative dm(2)(i), representing a downward concavity - either a mild flattening or a strong 'kink'. The tdm(2)(i) parameter is shown to correlate with the colour-stretch parameter s(BV), a SN Ia primary parameter. The dm(2)(i) parameter shows no correlation with s(BV) and therefore provides independent information. It is also largely independent of the spectroscopic and environmental properties. Dividing the sample based on the strength of the light-curve feature as measured by dm(2)(i), SNe Ia with strong features have a Hubble diagram dispersion of 0.107 mag, 0.075 mag smaller than the group with weak features. Although larger samples should be obtained to test this result, it potentially offers a new method for improving SN Ia distance determinations without shifting to more costly near-infrared or spectroscopic observations.

Automated summary

In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of a specific feature in the i-band light curve of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) using rapid cadence and high signal-to-noise ratio light curves. We found that this feature, characterized by an abrupt change in curvature a few days after the i-band maximum, is present in most SNe Ia. By analyzing the second derivatives of Gaussian Process interpolations, we measured the timing and strength of this feature and found that they are correlated with the color-stretch parameter s(BV), providing independent information for SN Ia distance determinations.