Inferring astrophysics and dark matter properties from 21 cm tomography using deep learning

21 cm tomography opens a window to directly study astrophysics and fundamental physics of early epochs in our Universe's history, the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) and Cosmic Dawn (CD). Summary statistics such as the power spectrum omit information encoded in this signal due to its highly non-Gaussian nature. Here, we adopt a network-based approach for direct inference of CD and EoR astrophysics jointly with fundamental physics from 21 cm tomography. We showcase a warm dark matter (WDM) universe, where dark matter density parameter Omega(m) and WDM mass m(WDM) strongly influence both CD and EoR. Reflecting the three-dimensional nature of 21 cm light-cones, we present a new, albeit simple, 3D convolutional neural network (3D-21cmPIE-Net) for efficient parameter recovery at moderate training cost. On simulations we observe high-fidelity parameter recovery for CD and EoR astrophysics (R-2 > 0.78-0.99), together with DM density Omega(m) (R-2 > 0.97) and WDM mass (R-2 > 0.61, significantly better for for m(WDM) < 3-4 keV). For realistic mock observed light-cones that include noise and foreground levels expected for the Square Kilometre Array, we note that in an optimistic foreground scenario parameter recovery is unaffected, while for moderate, less optimistic foreground levels (occupying the so-called wedge) the recovery of the WDM mass deteriorates, while other parameters remain robust against increased foreground levels at R-2 > 0.9. We further test the robustness of our network-based inference against modelling uncertainties and systematics by transfer learning between bare simulations and mock observations; we find robust recovery of specific X-ray luminosity and ionizing efficiency, while DM density and WDM mass come with increased bias and scatter.

Automated summary

21 cm tomography provides a new approach to study astrophysics and fundamental physics of early epochs in our Universe's history. By adopting a network-based approach, we can directly infer the parameters of Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization, as well as fundamental physics. The results show high-fidelity parameter recovery and robustness against foreground levels and modelling uncertainties.