Journal
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 511, Issue 3, Pages 4551-4571Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac199
Keywords
techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; planets and satellites: interiors; stars: individual: TOI-561 (TIC 377064495, Gaia EDR3 3850421005290172416)
Categories
Funding
- Prodex Program of the Swiss Space Office (SSO)
- Harvard University Origin of Life Initiative (HUOLI)
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA)
- University of Geneva
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)
- Italian National Astrophysical Institute (INAF)
- University of St. Andrews
- Queen's University Belfast
- University of Edinburgh
- NASA Explorer Program
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Science Foundation
- CARIPARO Foundation [2018/0098]
- STFC [ST/R000824/1, ST/V000861/1]
- UKSA grant [ST/R003203/1]
- Swiss National Fundation [200020 172746, PP00P2-190080, PCEFP2 194576]
- CNES [837319]
- Italian Space Agency (ASI) [2013-016-R.0]
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES) [724427]
- National Centre for Competence in Research 'PlanetS' - Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
- UK STFC [ST/V000594/1]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Exoplanets Research Program [NNX17AB59G]
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [833925]
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Swedish National Space Agency [120/19C, DNR 65/19, 174/18]
- SNSA
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737]
- European Regional Development Fund [ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737]
- Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme
- ESA [4000124370]
- FCT [CEECIND/00826/2018, DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004]
- POPH/FSE (EC) [IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004, IF/00650/2015/CP1273/CT0001]
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)
- University of Liege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions - Wallonia-Brussels Federation
- FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia
- FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao [UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987]
- CRT foundation [2018.2323]
- Region Ile de France
- project Equip@Meso of the programme Investissements d'Avenir [ANR-10-EQPX-29-01]
- Simons Foundation [327127]
- Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant [K-125015]
- ELTE Eotvos Lorand University
- European Space Agency [ESA-D/SCI-LE-2021-0025]
- Hungarian Academy of Science [LP2018-7/2021]
- city of Szombathely
- JSPS KAKENHI grant [JP18H05439]
- JST CREST grant [JPMJCR1761]
- Astrobiology Center of National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) [AB031010]
- European Union and the State Agency of Investigation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) of the Pre-Doc Program for the Training of Doctors (FPI-SO) through FSE funds [PRE2020-093107]
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We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system, confirming the presence of four transiting planets and identifying an additional, long-period signal in the radial velocities. The unique features of this system, including an ultra-short period planet and a complex architecture, make it an appealing target for further studies.
We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R-circle plus, M = 2.0 M-circle plus), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R-circle plus, M = 5.4 M-circle plus), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R-circle plus, M = 13.2 M-circle plus), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R-circle plus, M = 12.6 R-circle plus). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (rho(b) = 3.8 +/- 0.5 g cm(-3)) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retained an H/He envelope, in addition to a possibly large water layer. The inferred planetary compositions suggest different atmospheric evolutionary paths, with planets b and c having experienced significant gas loss, and planets d and e showing an atmospheric content consistent with the original one. The uniqueness of the USP planet, the presence of the long-period planet TOI-561 e, and the complex architecture make this system an appealing target for follow-up studies.
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