Journal
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 511, Issue 1, Pages 280-294Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3804
Keywords
scattering; Hii regions; Galaxy: general; radio continuum: galaxies; radio continuum: stars
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation of China [11763002, 11590784, 11933007]
- National SKA Program of China [2020SKA0110100]
- EVN [EY014, EY017]
- European Union [RI-261525 NEXPReS]
- European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) [283393]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Canada Foundation for Innovation 2017 Innovation Fund [35999]
- Province of Ontario
- Province of British Columbia
- Province of Alberta
- Province of Manitoba
- Province of Quebec
- National Research Council of Canada
- US NRAO
- Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
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In this study, the authors found a catalogue of 39 variable radio sources and analyzed 17 of them using very-long-baseline interferometric imaging technique. They identified a diverse nature of these sources based on their spectral and structural properties.
In the time domain, the radio sky in particular along the Galactic plane direction may vary significantly because of various energetic activities associated with stars, stellar, and supermassive black holes. Multi-epoch Very Large Array surveys of the Galactic plane at 5.0 GHz enabled the finding of a catalogue of 39 variable radio sources in the flux density range 1-70 mJy. To probe their radio structures and spectra, we observed 17 sources with the very-long-baseline interferometric (VLBI) imaging technique and collected additional multifrequency data from the literature. We detected all of the sources at 5 GHz with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, but only G23.6644-0.0372 with the European VLBI Network (EVN). Together with its decadal variability and multifrequency radio spectrum, we interpret it as an extragalactic peaked-spectrum source with a size of less than or similar to 10 pc. The remaining sources were resolved out by the long baselines of the EVN because of either strong scatter broadening at the Galactic latitude < 1 degrees or intrinsically very extended structures on centi-arcsec scales. According to their spectral and structural properties, we find that the sample has a diverse nature. We notice two young H ii regions and spot a radio star and a candidate planetary nebula. The rest of the sources are very likely associated with radio active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Two of them also display arcsec-scale faint jet activity. The sample study indicates that AGNs are common place even among variable radio sources in the Galactic plane.
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