Journal
MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
Volume 16, Issue 11, Pages 2117-2134Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13146
Keywords
immune checkpoint inhibitor; PD-L1; TGF-beta; tumor microenvironment
Categories
Funding
- healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Intramural Research Program of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Cancer Institute
- EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Good Publication Practice guidelines
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Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have immunosuppressive functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and inhibiting these pathways can improve clinical outcomes and reduce toxicity.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) initiate signaling pathways with complementary, nonredundant immunosuppressive functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, dysregulated TGF-beta signaling suppresses antitumor immunity and promotes cancer fibrosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, PD-L1 expression inactivates cytotoxic T cells and restricts immunosurveillance in the TME. Anti-PD-L1 therapies have been approved for the treatment of various cancers, but TGF-beta signaling in the TME is associated with resistance to these therapies. In this review, we discuss the importance of the TGF-beta and PD-L1 pathways in cancer, as well as clinical strategies using combination therapies that block these pathways separately or approaches with dual-targeting agents (bispecific and bifunctional immunotherapies) that may block them simultaneously. Currently, the furthest developed dual-targeting agent is bintrafusp alfa. This drug is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein that consists of the extracellular domain of the TGF-beta RII receptor (a TGF-beta 'trap') fused to a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody blocking PD-L1. Given the immunosuppressive effects of the TGF-beta and PD-L1 pathways within the TME, colocalized and simultaneous inhibition of these pathways may potentially improve clinical activity and reduce toxicity.
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