Synthesis and Characterization of an Fe/Co Ferrite Spinel Oxide Film Produced by Using N2/Steam Heat Treatment on Two Maraging Steels

An experimental procedure was developed to obtain an oxide layer formed mainly by spinel on maraging steels. It consists of different stages with specific conditions, such as atmospheres rich in nitrogen and water vapor, and different steps of temperatures and times. Tests were performed on grade 300 and 350 maraging steels. Oxide layer characterization was done using optical and electron microscopy, spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoscratch tests in order to determine the adhesion force as well as to observe the main deformation mechanism induced under sliding tests. In both steels, oxide layers are formed by the spinel's Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 in amounts close to ca. 85 pct, whereas TiO2 and MoO3 represent the other 15 pct. No hematite was found. The low oxygen availability during the heat treatment was fundamental for avoiding hematite formation. A nickel-rich austenitic phase formed at the metal-oxide interface due the kinetics of the oxidation process of the cobalt, iron, and molybdenum. The particular conditions of the heat treatments induced the formation of a mixture of iron, nickel, and cobalt spinel ferrites, thereby contradicting previous studies that said that only magnetite would be formed. The sliding tests at the manometric length scale highlight that the layer formed on maraging 300 grade presents a better adhesion than the other investigated material due to the fact that it requires more load in order to induce cracks located at the edge of the sliding track and, subsequently, the chipping of the formed layer.

Automated summary

An experimental procedure was developed to form an oxide layer mainly composed of spinel on maraging steels. Tests and characterization techniques showed that the oxide layer consists of Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 spinel, with no hematite formation. The heat treatment conditions induced the formation of a mixture of iron, nickel, and cobalt spinel ferrites, contradicting previous studies. Sliding tests revealed that the oxide layer on maraging 300 grade has better adhesion.